臨時(shi)工(gong)究竟是什(shen)(shen)么工(gong)？其真實的(de)生(sheng)存狀態什(shen)(shen)么樣？該如何看(kan)待(dai)“臨時(shi)工(gong)現象”？

“臨時工”，一個在計劃經濟時代耳熟能詳的詞匯，一個在法律意義上并不存在的用工形態，如今卻大量存在于多個行業，并引發“臨時工現象”。在一些涉及政府部門和企事業單位的突發事件中，“太倉臨時工”往往成為最后的責任人。

中國(guo)社(she)科院(yuan)研究員石秀印(yin)表(biao)示，“臨(lin)時工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”曾是(shi)我國(guo)計劃經(jing)濟(ji)體制下，區別(bie)于當時的(de)長(chang)期固定工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)而言的(de)一(yi)種用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)形式，一(yi)般是(shi)指企(qi)事業(ye)單位臨(lin)時聘用(yong)的(de)短期工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)，也(ye)包含事業(ye)單位、國(guo)有(you)企(qi)業(ye)里的(de)非在編人(ren)員。在《勞動(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)法》實施后，法律意義上(shang)已無臨(lin)時工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、正式工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)區分，只有(you)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)期限長(chang)短之(zhi)分，用(yong)人(ren)單位用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)必須與(yu)勞動(dong)者簽訂(ding)勞動(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)，不(bu)能(neng)以臨(lin)時崗位為(wei)由拒簽。如(ru)果是(shi)在臨(lin)時崗位用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)可(ke)以在勞動(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)期限上(shang)有(you)所(suo)區別(bie)，比如(ru)選擇(ze)與(yu)勞動(dong)者簽訂(ding)“以完成一(yi)定工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作任(ren)務(wu)為(wei)期限的(de)勞動(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)或非全(quan)日制用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)”。但在實際(ji)生活中仍大量存在臨(lin)時工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，其主(zhu)體為(wei)農民工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，大量分布(bu)在建筑(zhu)、餐飲、保潔、護(hu)理(li)等(deng)低端勞動(dong)力市(shi)場，他們(men)收(shou)入偏低、社(she)會(hui)保障不(bu)健全(quan)，有(you)的(de)雖(sui)然有(you)勞務(wu)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)卻形同(tong)(tong)虛設。

隨(sui)著《勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)合同法(fa)(fa)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貫(guan)徹(che)落(luo)實，許(xu)多用工(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)把過去純(chun)粹意(yi)義(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“臨時工(gong)(gong)”轉變為(wei)“勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)派(pai)(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員”。勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)派(pai)(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員在(zai)(zai)不少(shao)領域成為(wei)臨時工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新形(xing)態(tai)。根據《勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)合同法(fa)(fa)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)派(pai)(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)應當在(zai)(zai)臨時性、輔助(zhu)性、替代(dai)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作崗(gang)(gang)位(wei)上(shang)實施。但是，記者了解到，國有(you)(you)企業和(he)機關事(shi)業單(dan)位(wei)，越來越多地(di)使用勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)派(pai)(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員。在(zai)(zai)一些窗口行業，柜臺人(ren)(ren)(ren)員大多數都是派(pai)(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)工(gong)(gong)。在(zai)(zai)許(xu)多崗(gang)(gang)位(wei)上(shang)，既有(you)(you)在(zai)(zai)編的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)式工(gong)(gong)，也有(you)(you)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)派(pai)(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員，干完全(quan)(quan)一樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活兒，混(hun)合使用。一項統計顯(xian)示，全(quan)(quan)國勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)派(pai)(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)用工(gong)(gong)總量(liang)已達6000萬人(ren)(ren)(ren)。其中(zhong)大量(liang)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)派(pai)(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員已經長期在(zai)(zai)固定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用人(ren)(ren)(ren)單(dan)位(wei)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)營業務(wu)崗(gang)(gang)位(wei)上(shang)服務(wu)，但和(he)用人(ren)(ren)(ren)單(dan)位(wei)沒有(you)(you)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)合同，只和(he)派(pai)(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)公司簽(qian)協議。這些派(pai)(pai)(pai)遣(qian)(qian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員在(zai)(zai)用人(ren)(ren)(ren)單(dan)位(wei)雖然有(you)(you)可(ke)能會一干三年五(wu)年甚至更長時間，但在(zai)(zai)用人(ren)(ren)(ren)單(dan)位(wei)內部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)位(wei)、福(fu)利、保障水平與過去的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臨時工(gong)(gong)差不多，而(er)且一旦(dan)出現(xian)糾紛或者有(you)(you)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)想來干，會被隨(sui)時裁掉，完全(quan)(quan)沒有(you)(you)法(fa)(fa)律方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保障。從這個意(yi)義(yi)上(shang)講，可(ke)以說(shuo)成為(wei)“長期固定臨時工(gong)(gong)”。

“這些類似于臨時(shi)工(gong)的(de)派遣工(gong)處境十分(fen)尷尬。同(tong)(tong)工(gong)不同(tong)(tong)酬現象(xiang)非(fei)常普遍(bian)，無法享(xiang)有正式工(gong)才享(xiang)有的(de)培訓(xun)、晉升甚至榮譽(yu)，還隨時(shi)面(mian)臨解聘，對(dui)企業沒有歸屬感(gan)”石秀印說(shuo)，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)派遣將傳統(tong)的(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動關(guan)系分(fen)割開來，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動者(zhe)與(yu)用工(gong)單(dan)(dan)位“有勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動沒關(guan)系”，不利(li)于勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動者(zhe)權益的(de)保(bao)護。根據調查，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)派遣工(gong)即使在同(tong)(tong)一個用工(gong)單(dan)(dan)位長期服(fu)務(wu)，也不可能訂立無固定期限勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動合同(tong)(tong)。

石秀(xiu)印介紹說，臨時工(gong)(gong)的(de)特點之(zhi)一是(shi)靈(ling)活性，市場經濟(ji)條(tiao)件下，用人(ren)單位(wei)希(xi)望能實現用工(gong)(gong)效益(yi)的(de)最大化，召之(zhi)即(ji)來(lai)，揮之(zhi)即(ji)去，又不(bu)用背(bei)負社會保險等其他(ta)成(cheng)(cheng)本。一家已實行自收自支的(de)事業(ye)單位(wei)人(ren)事干部告訴記(ji)者，每增加一個編制內的(de)人(ren)員(yuan)，一年就要(yao)多支付(fu)10萬(wan)元左右(you)的(de)用工(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)本；而(er)雇(gu)用勞務派遣工(gong)(gong)，只(zhi)需(xu)(xu)支付(fu)三四(si)萬(wan)元的(de)用工(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)本。為(wei)啥會有這(zhe)么(me)多的(de)臨時工(gong)(gong)？既有客觀需(xu)(xu)要(yao)，也(ye)有用人(ren)單位(wei)為(wei)逃避本應支付(fu)的(de)用工(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)本、減少麻煩，迫使(shi)本應簽訂正式(shi)勞動合同的(de)勞動者成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)臨時工(gong)(gong)。